Volume 51: Issue 3

Editor-in-Chief

Craig R. Denegar, PhD, PT, ATC, FNATA

University of Connecticut

Associate Editors

David C. Berry, PhD, AT, ATC

Saginaw Valley State University

Paul A. Borsa, PhD, ATC, FACSM

University of Florida

Steven P. Broglio, PhD, ATC

University of Michigan

Douglas J. Casa, PhD, ATC, FNATA, FACSM

University of Connecticut

Mitchell L. Cordova, PhD, ATC, FNATA, FACSM

Florida Gulf Coast University

Joseph M. Hart, PhD, ATC, FNATA

University of Virginia

J. Ty Hopkins, PhD, ATC, FNATA, FACSM

Brigham Young University

Kristin L. Kucera, PhD, MSPH, ATC

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Stephanie M. Mazerolle, PhD, LAT,

Epidemiologic studies have identified differences in concussion incidence between the sexes. However, few authors to date have updated injury rates (IRs) and time loss between male and female concussed athletes.Context:

To examine sex differences in IRs and time loss in concussed National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) athletes.Objective:

Descriptive epidemiologic study.Design:

National Collegiate Athletic Association athletics.Setting:

A total of 1702 concusssed NCAA athletes, consisting of 903 females and 779 males participating in soccer, basketball, ice hockey, lacrosse, softball, or baseball over a 5-year period from 2004–2005 through 2008–2009.Patients or Other Participants:

Using the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program, athletic trainers reported concussions, athlete-exposures (AEs), and time loss across 10 NCAA sports. An IR is the number of injuries in a particular category divided by the number of AEs in that category.Main Outcome Measure(s):

During the study period, 1702 concussions were reported during 4 170 427 AEs for an overall total of 5.47 per 10 000 AEs. In sex-comparable sports, females had a 1.4 times higher overall concussion IR than males (IRs = 4.84 and 3.46, respectively), with greater rates in women's baseball/softball, basketball, ice hockey, and soccer than men. Female soccer and basketball players also displayed more time loss after concussion compared with male basketball and soccer players.Results:

Female athletes sustained a higher rate of concussion and, in all sports except lacrosse, had greater time loss from concussion than male athletes. Additional research is needed on sex differences in time loss after concussions.Conclusions:

The appropriate resistance intensity to prescribe for shoulder rehabilitative exercise is not completely known. Excessive activation of the deltoid and upper trapezius muscles could be counterproductive for scapulohumeral rhythm during humeral elevation.Context:

To identify the effects of different exercise intensities on the scapular muscles during a free-motion “robbery” exercise performed in different degrees of shoulder abduction in seated and standing positions.Objective:

Descriptive laboratory study.Design:

Kinesiology Adapted Physical Education Laboratory.Setting:

A total of 15 healthy male college students (age = 20.5 ± 2.2 years, height = 174.5 ± 5.3 cm, mass = 63.8 ± 6.0 kg).Patients or Other Participants:

Participants performed 5 repetitions of a randomized exercise sequence of the robbery exercise in 2 body positions (seated, standing), 2 shoulder-abducted positions (W [20°], 90/90 [90°]) at 3 intensities (0%, 3%, and 7% body weight).Intervention(s):

Electromyographic (EMG) activity of the upper trapezius, lower trapezius, serratus anterior, anterior deltoid, and infraspinatus muscles of the upper extremity was collected. All EMG activities were normalized by the maximal voluntary isometric contraction of each corresponding muscle (%).Main Outcome Measure(s):

The serratus anterior, anterior deltoid, and infraspinatus EMG activities were greater at 7% body weight in the seated position compared with the standing position (P < .05). The EMG activities in all 5 muscles were greater in the 90/90 position than in the W position (P < .05).Results:

Scapular muscle activity modulated relative to changes in body posture and resistance intensity. These findings will enable clinicians to prescribe the appropriate level of exercise intensity and positioning during shoulder rehabilitation.Conclusions:

Previous researchers have shown that current health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is lower in former National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletes than in nonathletes. However, evidence supports the idea that individuals in collision sports (football) may suffer more serious injuries that may affect them later in life.Context:

To measure HRQoL in former Division I collision, contact, and limited-contact athletes.Objective:

Cross-sectional study.Design:

Research laboratory.Setting:

A total of 374 former Division I athletes between the ages of 40 and 65 years were separated into collision, contact, and limited-contact groups.Patients or Other Participants:

All individuals completed the Short Form 36 version 2 via a computer.Intervention(s):

The dependent variables were the physical component and mental component summary scores and the physical functioning, physical role functioning, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social role functioning, emotional role functioning, and mental health scales. An initial multivariate analysis of covariance included data from the 2 domains: physical component and mental component summary scores. The second multivariate analysis of covariance included data from the 8 dimensions: physical function, role physical, bodily pain scale, general health, mental health, role emotional, social function, and vitality scales. The α level was set at P < .05 with a covariate of sex.Main Outcome Measures(s):

The responses were significantly lower (worse) for the former collision athletes compared with the contact and limited-contact athletes for the summary scores (F_2,370 = 90.09, P < .01) and all 8 scales (F_8,364 = 24.33, P < .01). The largest differences were between the collision and limited-contact athletes for the bodily pain and role physical scales, with mean differences of 12.91 and 11.80 points, respectively.Results:

Competing at the Division I level can be strenuous on an athlete's physical, mental, and social dimensions, which can affect the athlete later in life. Based on these data, collision athletes may sacrifice their future HRQoL compared with contact and limited-contact athletes.Conclusions:

Reliability and Validity of the Functional Assessment of Neurocognition in Sport (FANS): A Paradigm Shift in Post-Concussion Return-to-Sport Decision-Making

Landon B. LempkePhD, ATC,

Benjamin L. BrettPhD, and

Douglas P. TerryPhD,ABPP

Masthead

Table of Contents

Sex Differences in Reported Concussion Injury Rates and Time Loss From Participation: An Update of the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program From 2004–2005 Through 2008–2009

Electromyographic Activity of Scapular Muscle Control in Free-Motion Exercise

Current Health-Related Quality of Life in Former National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Collision Athletes Compared With Contact and Limited-Contact Athletes

Using Balance Tests to Discriminate Between Participants With a Recent Index Lateral Ankle Sprain and Healthy Control Participants: A Cross-Sectional Study

A Longitudinal Examination of Work-Life Balance in the Collegiate Setting

Rehabilitation for Chronic Ankle Instability With or Without Destabilization Devices: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Physiologic and Perceptual Responses to Cold-Shower Cooling After Exercise-Induced Hyperthermia

The Ability of American Football Helmets to Manage Linear Acceleration With Repeated High-Energy Impacts

Hydration: The New FIFA World Cup's Challenge for Referee Decision Making?

Thank You to Guest Reviewers

Reliability and Validity of the Functional Assessment of Neurocognition in Sport (FANS): A Paradigm Shift in Post-Concussion Return-to-Sport Decision-Making

Driving After Concussion: Clinical Measures Associated with Post-concussion

The role of shoulder posture in pitching mechanics and injury risk in high school baseball pitchers

Corticospinal Excitability during Standing and Its Association with Postural Control Following Acute Lateral Ankle Sprain.

The socio-economic cost of anterior cruciate ligament injuries and lateral ankle sprains in amateur football and basketball.