Muscle weakness and atrophy are common impairments after musculoskeletal injury. Blood flow restriction (BFR) training offers the ability to mitigate weakness and atrophy without overloading healing tissues. It appears to be a safe and effective approach to therapeutic exercise in sports medicine environments. This approach requires consideration of a wide range of factors, and the purpose of our article is to provide insights into proposed mechanisms of effectiveness, safety considerations, application guidelines, and clinical recommendations for BFR training after musculoskeletal injury. Whereas training with higher loads produces the most substantial increases in strength and hypertrophy, BFR training appears to be a reasonable option for bridging earlier phases of rehabilitation when higher loads may not be tolerated by the patient and later stages that are consistent with return to sport.
Weakness of the gluteus medius and gluteus maximus is associated with a variety of musculoskeletal disorders. However, activation of synergistic muscles that are not targeted should be considered when prescribing side-lying hip-abduction (SHA) exercises. Log-rolling positions may affect hip-abductor activity during SHA. To determine the effects of log-rolling positions on gluteus medius, gluteus maximus, and tensor fasciae latae activity during SHA in participants with gluteus medius weakness. Controlled laboratory study. University research laboratory. Twenty-one participants with gluteus medius weakness. Three types of SHA were performed: frontal-plane SHA in neutral position (SHA-neutral), frontal-plane SHA in anterior log-rolling position (SHA-anterior rolling), and frontal-plane SHA in posterior log-rolling position (SHA-posterior rolling). Surface electromyography was used to measure hip-abductor activity. One-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was calculated to assess the statistical significance of the muscle activity. The SHA-anterior rolling showed greater gluteus medius and gluteus maximus activation than the SHA-neutral (P = .003 and P < .001, respectively) and SHA-posterior rolling (P < .001 and P < .001, respectively). The SHA-neutral demonstrated greater gluteus medius and gluteus maximus activation than the SHA-posterior rolling (P < .001 and P = .001, respectively). The SHA-anterior rolling produced less tensor fasciae latae activation than the SHA-neutral (P < .001) and SHA-posterior rolling (P < .001). The SHA-neutral showed less tensor fasciae latae activation than the SHA-posterior rolling (P < .001). The SHA-anterior rolling may be an effective exercise for increasing activation of the gluteus medius and gluteus maximus while decreasing activation of the tensor fasciae latae in participants with gluteus medius weakness.Context
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The Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) is known to reduce hamstrings injury risk in athletes. To optimize the NHE, it is important to understand how acute resistance-training variables influence its performance. To examine the effects of different interset rest intervals (ISRIs) on force indices during performance of the NHE. Crossover study. Laboratory. Ten well-trained, young, male, team-sport athletes (age = 20.7 ± 2.3 years, height = 179.4 ± 5.5 cm, mass = 83.9 ± 12.4 kg). Participants performed 2 sets of 6 repetitions of the NHE with either a 1- or 3-minute ISRI. All sets were performed using the NordBord. Peak force (newtons), average force (newtons), percentage maintenance, and percentage decline were recorded for both the dominant and nondominant limbs, and interlimb force asymmetries (percentages) were calculated. No interactions or main effects (P > .05) were present between conditions or sets for any variables. However, individual repetitions showed reductions (P< .05; effect size range = 0.58–1.28) in peak force from repetition 4 onward. Our findings suggest that a 1-minute ISRI was sufficient to maintain force-production qualities and interlimb asymmetries between sets during the NHE in well-trained athletes. Nonetheless, practitioners should be aware of the potentially large decrements in peak force production that may occur within the set.Context
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Quadriceps weakness is associated with disability and aberrant gait biomechanics after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Strength-sufficiency cutoff scores, which normalize quadriceps strength to the mass of an individual, can predict who will report better function after ACLR. However, whether gait biomechanics differ between individuals who meet a strength-sufficiency cutoff (strong) and those who do not (weak) remains unknown. To determine whether vertical ground reaction force, knee-flexion angle, and internal knee-extension moment differ throughout the stance phase of walking between individuals with strong and those with weak quadriceps after ACLR. Case-control study. Laboratory. Individuals who underwent unilateral ACLR >12 months before testing were dichotomized into strong (n = 31) and weak (n = 116) groups. Maximal isometric quadriceps strength was measured at 90° of knee flexion using an isokinetic dynamometer and normalized to body mass. Individuals who demonstrated maximal isometric quadriceps strength ≥3.0 N·m·kg−1 were considered strong. Three-dimensional gait biomechanics were collected at a self-selected walking speed. Biomechanical data were time normalized to 100% of stance phase. Vertical ground reaction force was normalized to body weight (BW), and knee-extension moment was normalized to BW × height. Pairwise comparison functions were calculated for each outcome to identify between-groups differences for each percentile of stance. Vertical ground reaction force was greater in the weak group for the first 22% of stance (peak mean difference [MD] = 6.2% BW) and less in the weak group between 36% and 43% of stance (MD = 1.4% BW). Knee-flexion angle was greater (ie, more flexion) in the strong group between 6% and 52% of stance (MD = 2.3°) and smaller (ie, less flexion) between 68% and 79% of stance (MD = 1.0°). Knee-extension moment was greater in the strong group between 7% and 62% of stance (MD = 0.007 BW × height). Individuals with ACLR who generated knee-extension torque ≥3.0 N·m·kg−1 exhibited different biomechanical gait profiles than those who could not. More strength may allow for better energy attenuation after ACLR.Context
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Ankle sprains are common occurrences in athletic and general populations. High volumes of ankle sprains elevate the clinical burden on athletic trainers (ATs). The National Athletic Trainers' Association (NATA) published a position statement regarding the treatment and management of ankle sprains, but certain factors might affect an AT's ability to effectively implement the recommendations. To evaluate ATs' current understanding, perceptions, and difficulties regarding the treatment, management, and long-term effects of ankle sprains. Cross-sectional study. Online survey instrument. A total of 796 ATs (years certified = 12.1 ± 9.2) across all athletic training job settings. Participants completed a 38-question survey that addressed their demographic characteristics, as well as their perceptions and knowledge of the epidemiology, treatment, and management of ankle sprains. The survey was also used to document participants' patient education practices and attitudes toward the NATA position statement regarding ankle sprains, along with the challenges of and pressures against implementation. Descriptive statistics, correlations, and analyses of variance were used to analyze the data and evaluate group differences and relationships. Of the participants, 83% demonstrated a moderate understanding of fundamental ankle sprain epidemiology. Group differences regarding patient education were seen by education levels, years certified, and job setting. Overall, 38.1% of ATs were either unsure or unaware of the NATA position statement, but those who were aware rated its usefulness at 3.89 on a scale of 1 to 5, with 1 being not useful at all; 3, neutral; and 5, very useful. On average, 1.9 ± 0.88 challenges to implementing effective treatment practices were documented, and 2.0 ± 0.95 pressures to return athletes to play after ankle sprain were reported. Nearly 40% of the ATs were either unaware or unsure of the current recommendations regarding how patients with ankle sprains are treated, which could affect how care is delivered.Context
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Training load and movement quality are associated with injury risk in athletes. Given these associations, it is important to understand how movement quality may moderate the training load so that appropriate injury-prevention strategies can be used. To determine how absolute and relative internal training loads change during a men's National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) soccer season and how movement quality, assessed using the Landing Error Scoring System (LESS), moderates the relative internal training load. Prospective cohort study. Division I athletics. One NCAA Division I male collegiate soccer team was recruited and followed over 2 consecutive seasons. Fifty-two athletes (age = 19.71 ± 1.30 years, height = 1.81 ± 0.06 m, mass = 75.74 ± 6.64 kg) consented to participate, and 46 met the criteria to be included in the final statistical analysis. Daily absolute internal training load was tracked over 2 seasons using a rated perceived exertion scale and time, which were subsequently used to calculate the absolute and relative internal training loads. Movement quality was assessed using the LESS and participants were categorized as poor movers (LESS score ≥5) or good movers (LESS score ≤4). The 46 athletes consisted of 29 poor movers and 17 good movers. Absolute (P < .001) and relative (P < .001) internal training loads differed across the weeks of the season. However, movement quality did not moderate the relative internal training load (P = .264). Absolute and relative training loads changed across weeks of a male collegiate soccer season. Movement quality did not affect the relative training load, but future researchers need to conduct studies with larger sample sizes to confirm this result.Context
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As part of clinical practice, athletic trainers (ATs) provide immediate management of patients with acute joint dislocations. Management techniques may include on-site closed joint reduction of the dislocated joint. Although joint reduction is part of the 2020 educational standards, currently practicing ATs may have various levels of exposure, knowledge, and skills. To capture AT self-reported knowledge and practice patterns concerning closed joint reductions. Cohort study. Online survey (Qualtrics). The survey link was emailed to 5000 certified ATs. A total of 772 responses were completed by certified ATs with clinical practice experience (15.4% response rate). Participants were asked to complete a survey about their practice patterns concerning patients with closed joint reductions, which included questions about the types of closed reductions ATs performed most commonly, the frequency of on-site reduction by ATs, and participants' demographic information. Additionally, the survey addressed the ATs' training and comfort level in performing closed reductions and knowledge of standing orders and the state practice act. Ninety percent (n = 694) of ATs reported ever performing a closed reduction (either with or without a physician present), with 10% (n = 78) stating they had never performed a joint reduction. The interphalangeal joint of the finger (73.2% of ATs), shoulder (63.3%), and patella (48.2%) were cited as the 3 most common reductions performed without a physician present. Only 46.5% (n = 359) of ATs indicated receiving training in joint-reduction techniques as part of their precertification athletic training curriculum or program; a greater percentage (64%) said they learned directly from a physician. Fewer than 60% of ATs reported having standing orders related to joint reductions. Considering the high percentage of ATs who reported performing closed joint reductions and the low percentage with formal training, further development of joint-reduction training and standing orders is warranted.Context
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Female athletes and performing artists can present with low energy availability (LEA) from either unintentional (eg, inadvertent undereating) or intentional (eg, eating disorder [ED]) methods. Whereas LEA and ED risk have been examined independently, few researchers have examined them simultaneously. Awareness of LEA with or without ED risk may provide clinicians with innovative prevention and intervention strategies. To examine LEA with or without ED risk (eg, eating attitudes, pathogenic behaviors) in female collegiate athletes and performing artists and compare sport type and LEA with the overall ED risk. Cross-sectional study. Free living in sport-specific settings. A total of 121 collegiate female athletes and performing artists (age = 19.8 ± 2.0 years, height = 168.9 ± 7.7 cm, mass = 63.6 ± 9.3 kg) participating in equestrian (n = 28), soccer (n = 20), beach volleyball (n = 18), softball (n = 17), volleyball (n = 12), and ballet (n = 26). Anthropometric measurements (height, mass, body composition), resting metabolic rate, energy intake, total daily energy expenditure, exercise energy expenditure, Eating Disorder Inventory-3 (EDI-3), and EDI-3 Symptom Checklist were assessed. Chi-square analysis was used to examine differences between LEA and sport type, LEA and ED risk, ED risk and sport type, and pathogenic behaviors and sport type. Most (81%, n = 98) female athletes and performing artists displayed LEA and differences between LEA and sport type (\(\def\upalpha{\unicode[Times]{x3B1}}\)\(\def\upbeta{\unicode[Times]{x3B2}}\)\(\def\upgamma{\unicode[Times]{x3B3}}\)\(\def\updelta{\unicode[Times]{x3B4}}\)\(\def\upvarepsilon{\unicode[Times]{x3B5}}\)\(\def\upzeta{\unicode[Times]{x3B6}}\)\(\def\upeta{\unicode[Times]{x3B7}}\)\(\def\uptheta{\unicode[Times]{x3B8}}\)\(\def\upiota{\unicode[Times]{x3B9}}\)\(\def\upkappa{\unicode[Times]{x3BA}}\)\(\def\uplambda{\unicode[Times]{x3BB}}\)\(\def\upmu{\unicode[Times]{x3BC}}\)\(\def\upnu{\unicode[Times]{x3BD}}\)\(\def\upxi{\unicode[Times]{x3BE}}\)\(\def\upomicron{\unicode[Times]{x3BF}}\)\(\def\uppi{\unicode[Times]{x3C0}}\)\(\def\uprho{\unicode[Times]{x3C1}}\)\(\def\upsigma{\unicode[Times]{x3C3}}\)\(\def\uptau{\unicode[Times]{x3C4}}\)\(\def\upupsilon{\unicode[Times]{x3C5}}\)\(\def\upphi{\unicode[Times]{x3C6}}\)\(\def\upchi{\unicode[Times]{x3C7}}\)\(\def\uppsy{\unicode[Times]{x3C8}}\)\(\def\upomega{\unicode[Times]{x3C9}}\)\(\def\bialpha{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\)\(\def\bibeta{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\)\(\def\bigamma{\boldsymbol{\gamma}}\)\(\def\bidelta{\boldsymbol{\delta}}\)\(\def\bivarepsilon{\boldsymbol{\varepsilon}}\)\(\def\bizeta{\boldsymbol{\zeta}}\)\(\def\bieta{\boldsymbol{\eta}}\)\(\def\bitheta{\boldsymbol{\theta}}\)\(\def\biiota{\boldsymbol{\iota}}\)\(\def\bikappa{\boldsymbol{\kappa}}\)\(\def\bilambda{\boldsymbol{\lambda}}\)\(\def\bimu{\boldsymbol{\mu}}\)\(\def\binu{\boldsymbol{\nu}}\)\(\def\bixi{\boldsymbol{\xi}}\)\(\def\biomicron{\boldsymbol{\micron}}\)\(\def\bipi{\boldsymbol{\pi}}\)\(\def\birho{\boldsymbol{\rho}}\)\(\def\bisigma{\boldsymbol{\sigma}}\)\(\def\bitau{\boldsymbol{\tau}}\)\(\def\biupsilon{\boldsymbol{\upsilon}}\)\(\def\biphi{\boldsymbol{\phi}}\)\(\def\bichi{\boldsymbol{\chi}}\)\(\def\bipsy{\boldsymbol{\psy}}\)\(\def\biomega{\boldsymbol{\omega}}\)\(\def\bupalpha{\bf{\alpha}}\)\(\def\bupbeta{\bf{\beta}}\)\(\def\bupgamma{\bf{\gamma}}\)\(\def\bupdelta{\bf{\delta}}\)\(\def\bupvarepsilon{\bf{\varepsilon}}\)\(\def\bupzeta{\bf{\zeta}}\)\(\def\bupeta{\bf{\eta}}\)\(\def\buptheta{\bf{\theta}}\)\(\def\bupiota{\bf{\iota}}\)\(\def\bupkappa{\bf{\kappa}}\)\(\def\buplambda{\bf{\lambda}}\)\(\def\bupmu{\bf{\mu}}\)\(\def\bupnu{\bf{\nu}}\)\(\def\bupxi{\bf{\xi}}\)\(\def\bupomicron{\bf{\micron}}\)\(\def\buppi{\bf{\pi}}\)\(\def\buprho{\bf{\rho}}\)\(\def\bupsigma{\bf{\sigma}}\)\(\def\buptau{\bf{\tau}}\)\(\def\bupupsilon{\bf{\upsilon}}\)\(\def\bupphi{\bf{\phi}}\)\(\def\bupchi{\bf{\chi}}\)\(\def\buppsy{\bf{\psy}}\)\(\def\bupomega{\bf{\omega}}\)\(\def\bGamma{\bf{\Gamma}}\)\(\def\bDelta{\bf{\Delta}}\)\(\def\bTheta{\bf{\Theta}}\)\(\def\bLambda{\bf{\Lambda}}\)\(\def\bXi{\bf{\Xi}}\)\(\def\bPi{\bf{\Pi}}\)\(\def\bSigma{\bf{\Sigma}}\)\(\def\bPhi{\bf{\Phi}}\)\(\def\bPsi{\bf{\Psi}}\)\(\def\bOmega{\bf{\Omega}}\)\({\rm{\chi }}_5^2\) = 43.8, P < .001). The majority (76.0%, n = 92) presented with an ED risk, but the ED risk did not differ by sport type (P = .94). The EDI-3 Symptom Checklist revealed that 61.2% (n = 74) engaged in pathogenic behaviors, with dieting being the most common (51.2%, n = 62). Most (76.0%, n = 92) displayed LEA with an ED risk. No differences were found in LEA by ED risk and sport type. Softball players reported the most LEA with an ED risk (82.4%, n = 14), followed by ballet dancers (76%, n = 19). Our results suggested that a large proportion of collegiate female athletes and performing artists were at risk for LEA with an ED risk, thus warranting education, identification, prevention, and intervention strategies relative to fueling for performance.Context
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Previous reports suggested that highly specialized adolescent athletes may be at a higher risk of injury, worse sleep quality, and less sport enjoyment than low-level specialized athletes. To date, the sport specialization literature has primarily addressed adolescent athletes in a variety of sports. However, whether the findings on sport specialization in predominantly nonrunning athletes are generalizable to adolescent long-distance runners is unknown. To compare injury history, running volume, quality of life, sleep habits, and running enjoyment among male and female middle school and high school long-distance runners at different sport specialization levels. Cross-sectional study. Online survey. A total of 102 male (age = 15.8 ± 0.9 years) and 156 female (age = 15.6 ± 1.4 years) uninjured middle school and high school athletes who participated in long-distance running activities (completion rate = 50.7%). Participants were stratified by sex and sport specialization level (low, moderate, or high). Group differences were assessed in self-reported running-related injuries, running habits, EQ-5D-Y quality of life, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index sleep quality, sleep duration, and running enjoyment. Highly specialized male and female middle school and high school long-distance runners reported more months of competition per year (P < .001), higher weekly run distance (P < .001), more runs per week (P < .001), higher average distance per run (P < .001), and greater running enjoyment (P < .001) than low-level specialized runners. Adolescent boys reported a higher average weekly run distance (P = .01), higher average distance per run (P = .01), and better sleep quality (P = .01) than adolescent girls. No differences among sport specialization levels were found for running-related injuries (P = .25), quality of life (P = .07), sleep quality (P = .19), or sleep duration (P = .11) among male or female middle school and high school runners. Highly specialized male and female middle school and high school long-distance runners reported higher running volumes and running enjoyment than low-level specialized runners. However, high-level specialized runners did not describe a greater number of running-related injuries, lower quality of life, or lower sleep quality or duration as expected.Context
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The Athletic Training Locations and Services (ATLAS) Annual Report suggested that athletic trainer (AT) employment status differed based on geographic locale. However, the influence of geographic locale and school size on AT employment is unknown. To determine if differences existed in the odds of having AT services by locale for public and private schools and by student enrollment for public schools. Cross-sectional study. Public and private secondary schools with athletics programs. Data from 20 078 US public and private secondary schools were obtained. Data were collected by the ATLAS Project. Athletic trainer employment status, locale (city, suburban, town, or rural) for public and private schools, and school size category (large, moderate, medium, or small) only for public schools were obtained. The employment status of ATs was examined for each category using odds ratios. Logistic regression analysis produced a prediction model. Of the 19 918 public and private schools with available AT employment status and locale, suburban schools had the highest access to AT services (80.1%) with increased odds compared with rural schools (odds ratio = 3.55 [95% CI = 3.28, 3.85]). Of 15 850 public schools with known AT employment status and student enrollment, large schools had the highest rate of AT services (92.1%) with nearly 18.5 times greater odds (odds ratio = 18.49 [95% CI = 16.20, 21.08]) versus small schools. The logistic model demonstrated that the odds of access to an AT increased by 2.883 times as the school size went up by 1 category. Nationally, suburban schools and large public schools had the greatest access to AT services compared with schools that were in more remote areas and with lower student enrollment. These findings elucidate the geographic locales and student enrollment levels with the highest prevalence of AT services.Context
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Athletic directors are charged with making impactful decisions for secondary school athletic programs that mitigate risks for stakeholders. This includes decision making regarding the provision of medical care for student-athletes. To date, few researchers have explored athletic directors' perceptions of the athletic training profession. To evaluate public school athletic directors' knowledge and perceptions of the athletic trainer (AT) role. Concurrent mixed-methods study. Cross-sectional online questionnaire. Athletic directors representing all 50 states and the District of Columbia (N = 954; 818 men, 133 women, 3 preferred not to answer; age = 47.8 ± 9.1 years; time in current role = 9.8 ± 8.3 years). The questionnaire was composed of demographics, quantitative measures that assessed athletic directors' knowledge and perceived value of ATs, and open-ended questions allowing for expansion on their perspectives. Descriptive statistics were reported, with key quantitative findings presented as count responses and overall percentages. Qualitative data were analyzed using the general inductive approach. A majority of respondents recognized ATs' role in injury prevention (99.8%), first aid and wound care (98.8%), therapeutic interventions (93.8%), and emergency care (91.6%). Approximately 61% (n = 582) identified AT employment as a top sport safety measure, and 77% (n = 736) considered an AT to be extremely valuable to student-athlete health and safety. Athletic directors appeared to recognize the value of ATs as they provided “peace of mind” and relieved coaches and administration of the responsibility for making medical decisions. Athletic directors seemed to recognize the value ATs brought to the secondary school setting and demonstrated adequate knowledge regarding ATs' roles and responsibilities. Educational efforts for this population should focus on ATs' tasks that add to their perceived value but are not frequently in the public eye, which may influence hiring decisions.Context
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Secondary school administrators fulfill many leadership roles, including creating and implementing policies to help ensure the safety of athletic programs. However, few researchers have examined principals' awareness and perceptions of the athletic trainer's (AT's) role. To explore secondary school principals' knowledge of the roles and responsibilities of ATs and perceptions of athletic training. Concurrent mixed-methods study. Cross-sectional online questionnaire. Principals (n = 686; age = 48.1 ± 7.8 years, time in position = 7.1 ± 5.8 years) represented public secondary schools across the United States. The web-based questionnaire was composed of demographics, various quantitative items assessing knowledge and perceived value of ATs, and open-ended questions. Descriptive statistics summarized demographic data. Select quantitative measures are reported as count responses and overall percentages. Responses to open-ended questions were analyzed inductively. We obtained a 5% response rate (686 of 13 517). Approximately 93% (n = 637) of responding principals considered an AT to be a trusted source of medical information. The most frequently selected skills they believed ATs were qualified to perform were injury prevention (99.1%), first aid/wound care (96.5%), and therapeutic intervention (91.4%). Sixty-three percent (n = 430) of participants considered an AT to be extremely valuable to student-athlete health and safety. Our results indicated that secondary school principals had a vague understanding of AT “training” and appreciated the immediacy of care ATs could provide. They also appeared to use decentralized hiring practices. Secondary school principals identified ATs as a trusted source of medical information and recognized the role ATs played in the immediate care of athletic-related injuries. However, principals had a limited understanding of the qualifications and educational requirements of ATs. Future professional advocacy efforts targeting this stakeholder group should highlight all medical services an AT provides and emphasize the AT's value in schools that sponsor athletics programs.Context
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Psychometrically sound instruments are needed to accurately track the effectiveness of treatment and assess the quality of patient care. The Disablement in the Physically Active (DPA) scale Short Form-10 (SF-10) was developed as a more parsimonious version of the Disablement in the Physically Active scale to assess disablement in the physically active. Psychometric assessment of the DPA SF-10 has not been completed; specifically, the scale properties must be assessed among a sample of individuals who respond only to the 10-item scale at multiple time points. To assess the psychometric properties of the DPA SF-10 using confirmatory factor analysis and invariance procedures across multiple time points. Confirmatory factor analyses and longitudinal invariance tests were conducted. The DPA SF-10 met contemporary fit index recommendations and demonstrated longitudinal invariance; however, localized fit concerns suggest further modification is needed. Adoption of the DPA SF-10 into widespread clinical practice and research is not recommended until further psychometric testing and scale modification are performed.Context
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Minimal clinically important differences (MCIDs) are used to understand clinical relevance. However, repeated observations produce biased analyses unless one accounts for baseline observation, known as regression to the mean (RTM). Using an International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) survey dataset, we can demonstrate the effect of RTM on MCID values by (1) MCID-estimate dependence on baseline observation and (2) MCID-estimate bias being higher when the posttest-pretest data correlation is lower. We created 10 IKDC datasets with 5000 patients and a specific correlation under both equal and unequal variances. For each 10-point increase in baseline IKDC, MCID decreased by 3.5, 2.7, 1.9, 1.2, and 0.7 points when posttest-pretest correlations were 0.10, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 0.90, respectively, under equal variances. Not accounting for RTM resulted in a static 20-point MCID. Minimal clinically important difference estimates may be unreliable. Minimal clinically important difference calculations should include the correlation and variances between posttest and pretest data, and researchers should consider using a baseline covariate-adjusted receiver operating characteristic curve analysis to calculate MCID.
Reliability and Validity of the Functional Assessment of Neurocognition in Sport (FANS): A Paradigm Shift in Post-Concussion Return-to-Sport Decision-Making
Driving After Concussion: Clinical Measures Associated with Post-concussion
The role of shoulder posture in pitching mechanics and injury risk in high school baseball pitchers
Corticospinal Excitability during Standing and Its Association with Postural Control Following Acute Lateral Ankle Sprain.
The socio-economic cost of anterior cruciate ligament injuries and lateral ankle sprains in amateur football and basketball.
JAT eISSN: 1938-162X
JAT ISSN: 1062-6050
ATEJ ISSN: 1947-380X